Have a lot of values in the dataset? Use unique to identify the unique observations. — While conducting exploratory data analysis analysts have a number of functions to help describe their datasets. In R programming the data usually is in a vector format (vector, matrix, data frame, etc.). So analysts turn to functions that can describe the data while in that vectorization format. One little-known function…

There are a lot of choices for earning income. Not every choice is a good one. Choose well. — The buying power in the current economy has shifted to where many people must consider using more than one source of income. Homes are in short supply, making them expensive, while the average transaction price of a car has exceeded $45,000. Thus, everyone is looking to build an income to…

Reference documents for a package in R programming can be lengthy. But there are a few ways to parse information for a library quickly. — Package reference documents are the lifeline for data scientists using R programming. When data scientists look for libraries hosted in CRAN, they usually find the reference documents for the given library. Every package hosted in CRAN is required to have a document.

Hierarchical clustering often requires visualization to see associations among data. Here’s how a dendrogram provides that good visualization so that you can understand your data clusters. — In clustering it sometimes is important to set up a hierarchy displaying which groups of data come together. This is where dendrogram comes into play. A dendrogram is a set of branches that describes the distance between each observation of a dataset. An observation is represented as a branch of…

All platforms that are home to influencers and authors face a need to move from rolling averages. Medium’s opportunity to upgrade its dashboards is now. — I’ve been writing on Medium for a few years now, and I’ve noticed that the analytics used to show how your stories performed among readers have not really changed. The current full-court press by social media and community platforms to attract entrepreneurs, influencers, and activists comes at a time when…

Another function, cut2(), in the Hmsic library will help group the observations of your dataset. Here’s how. — I explained in an earlier post how the cut() function in R programming worked. Yet more than one version of that function is available. That second one, cut2(), is included in the Hmisc library. It provides more nuanced features in identifying bins among a vector of data. …

Referrals make a difference in brand-building…but changing your offerings can reshuffle your marketing strengths. Here’s why. — Referrals are cherished among business owners that operate an organization at any scale. It is a confirmation from someone else that you are doing a great job. No feeling can describe the joy of human interest in your offering, being shared with another person. If you started a business, you…

With MidJourney and ChatGPT4 upping their artificial intelligence ante, stock image usage will evolve. Your decisions on selecting real images versus AI imagery must evolve, too. — If you stop and think about it, stock photos and stock text have been marching towards obsolescence for quite a bit of time. The advance of real-time video on social media has made stock images less valuable. Thank the new artificial intelligence tools for further resetting what people can do…

Referrals reflect the outcome of good marketing, but they are not the marketing strategy itself. Remember this tip as you refine your products and services. — Referrals are cherished among business owners that operate an organization at any scale. It is a confirmation from someone else that you are doing a great job. No feeling can describe the joy of human interest in your offering, being shared with another person. If you started a business, you…